exposure: It determines the darkness or Lightness of an image.
aperture: It allows more light through to reach the image.
flash: It provides light the a photograph your taking.
depth of field: This is where it focuses on all of the picture. instead of just one part.
focus: It just shows one certain object in the picture.
ISO number: It is how sensitive a digital cameras sensor is to light.
lens: Its a piece of glass shaped like its an eye lens for cameras.
shutter speed: Its the time the shutter is set for.
white balance: its like the temperature of the photo.